Is Software in American Cars Proprietary? A Comprehensive Guide

Is Software In American Cars Proprietary? Yes, the software in American cars is largely proprietary, meaning it is owned and controlled by the vehicle manufacturers and their suppliers. However, understanding the nuances of this ownership, its implications for repair, and emerging trends in open-source automotive software is crucial for automotive technicians and garage owners in the USA. CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN provides specialized training and resources to navigate these complex systems, offering solutions to enhance your diagnostic and repair capabilities. This article explores the landscape of proprietary software in American cars and introduces the benefits of remote diagnostic services, in-depth educational programs, and continuous technical support in the ever-evolving automotive industry, highlighting critical areas like ECU programming, diagnostics, and secure remote access.

1. Understanding Proprietary Software in American Cars

Yes, the software that controls almost every aspect of modern American cars, from the engine and transmission to safety systems and infotainment, is primarily proprietary. The software is owned by the car manufacturers (OEMs) and their suppliers, who tightly guard their intellectual property. This means access to the source code, modification, or even detailed understanding of the software’s inner workings is restricted.

1.1. Definition of Proprietary Software

Proprietary software, also known as closed-source software, is computer software licensed under exclusive legal right of the copyright holder. The owner retains the right to control the use, modification, and distribution of the software. This contrasts with open-source software, where the source code is available to anyone and can be modified and distributed under specific licenses.

1.2. Key Components Controlled by Proprietary Software

The proprietary software in American cars governs a multitude of critical functions:

• Engine Control Unit (ECU): Manages engine performance, fuel injection, and emissions.
• Transmission Control Unit (TCU): Controls gear shifting and transmission behavior.
• Anti-lock Braking System (ABS): Prevents wheel lockup during braking.
• Electronic Stability Control (ESC): Helps maintain vehicle stability.
• Airbag Control Module (ACM): Deploys airbags in the event of a collision.
• Infotainment Systems: Manages navigation, audio, and connectivity features.
• Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS): Includes features like adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, and automatic emergency braking.

1.3. Why Automakers Use Proprietary Software

Automakers use proprietary software for several key reasons:

• Intellectual Property Protection: Protecting their innovations and maintaining a competitive edge.
• Security: Controlling access to prevent unauthorized modifications and potential security vulnerabilities.
• Safety: Ensuring the reliability and safety of critical systems.
• Revenue Generation: Controlling access to software updates and features, potentially generating revenue through subscriptions and over-the-air (OTA) updates.

2. The Impact of Proprietary Software on Car Repair

Yes, proprietary software significantly impacts car repair by restricting access to diagnostic information, repair procedures, and software updates. Independent repair shops and technicians often face challenges in accessing the necessary tools and information to properly diagnose and repair modern vehicles.

2.1. Restricted Access to Diagnostic Information

Automakers often restrict access to diagnostic information, making it difficult for independent repair shops to accurately diagnose issues. This information is typically available only through proprietary diagnostic tools and software, which can be expensive to acquire and maintain.

2.2. Challenges for Independent Repair Shops

Independent repair shops face several challenges due to proprietary software:

• Limited Access to Tools: Difficulty obtaining the necessary diagnostic tools and software.
• High Costs: Expensive subscriptions and equipment can be a significant financial burden.
• Technical Barriers: Complex software systems require specialized training and expertise.
• Dependence on OEMs: Reliance on dealerships for certain repairs and software updates.

2.3. The Right to Repair Debate

The “Right to Repair” movement advocates for laws that would require automakers to provide independent repair shops and consumers with access to the same diagnostic information, tools, and software as authorized dealerships. This movement aims to promote competition, reduce repair costs, and empower consumers to choose where they get their vehicles serviced.

2.4. The Role of CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN in Overcoming These Challenges

CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN offers solutions to help independent repair shops overcome the challenges posed by proprietary software:

• Specialized Training Programs: In-depth training on diagnosing and repairing modern vehicles with proprietary software.
• Remote Diagnostic Services: Access to experienced technicians who can remotely diagnose complex issues.
• Comprehensive Diagnostic Tools: Providing affordable and effective diagnostic tools and software.
• Technical Support: Ongoing support to help technicians navigate complex repair procedures.

3. Key Legislation and Regulations Affecting Software Access

Yes, various legislations and regulations impact software access in the automotive industry, including the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) in the United States and similar laws in other countries. These regulations aim to balance intellectual property protection with the need for fair competition and consumer choice.

3.1. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)

The DMCA is a United States copyright law that implements two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It criminalizes production and dissemination of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent measures that control access to copyrighted works. However, the DMCA also includes exemptions for certain activities, such as reverse engineering for interoperability purposes.

3.2. Right to Repair Laws in the US

Several states in the US have introduced or passed “Right to Repair” laws that specifically address access to automotive diagnostic and repair information. These laws aim to ensure that independent repair shops have access to the same information and tools as authorized dealerships. For example, Massachusetts passed a landmark Right to Repair law in 2012, which has served as a model for similar legislation in other states.

3.3. European Union Regulations

The European Union has implemented regulations to ensure fair competition in the automotive repair market. The EU’s Motor Vehicle Block Exemption Regulation (MV-BER) allows independent repair shops to access technical information and spare parts necessary for servicing vehicles.

3.4. Global Perspectives on Software Access

The issue of software access in the automotive industry is a global concern. Many countries are grappling with how to balance intellectual property protection with the need for fair competition and consumer choice. Organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the United Nations are also involved in discussions related to intellectual property rights and access to information.

4. The Rise of Open-Source Software in Automotive

Yes, open-source software is increasingly being used in the automotive industry, offering potential benefits such as increased collaboration, faster innovation, and reduced costs. However, it also presents challenges related to security, safety, and standardization.

4.1. What is Open-Source Software?

Open-source software is computer software with its source code made available with a license in which the copyright holder provides the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose. This promotes collaboration, transparency, and community-driven development.

4.2. Examples of Open-Source Automotive Projects

• Automotive Grade Linux (AGL): A collaborative open-source project developing a Linux-based operating system for automotive applications.
• Eclipse Software Defined Vehicle (SDV): An open-source platform for building software-defined vehicles.
• Scalable Open Architecture for Embedded Edge (SOAFEE): An initiative to develop a scalable open architecture for cloud-native in-vehicle Linux.

4.3. Benefits of Open-Source Software in Cars

• Faster Innovation: Open-source fosters collaboration and allows developers to build upon existing code, accelerating innovation.
• Reduced Costs: Open-source software is often free to use, reducing development costs.
• Increased Security: The transparency of open-source code allows for greater scrutiny and identification of vulnerabilities.
• Customization: Open-source software can be customized to meet specific needs.

4.4. Challenges of Open-Source Software in Cars

• Security Concerns: Open-source code can be vulnerable to security breaches if not properly maintained and secured.
• Safety Risks: Critical systems require rigorous testing and validation to ensure safety.
• Standardization Issues: Lack of standardization can lead to compatibility issues and fragmentation.
• Liability Concerns: Determining liability in the event of a software malfunction can be complex.

5. Diagnostic Tools and Software for Modern American Cars

Yes, numerous diagnostic tools and software solutions are available for modern American cars, ranging from OEM-specific tools to aftermarket solutions. Choosing the right tools and software depends on the type of vehicles you service, your budget, and your technical expertise.

5.1. OEM Diagnostic Tools

OEM diagnostic tools are developed by the vehicle manufacturers and provide the most comprehensive diagnostic capabilities for their specific vehicles. These tools typically offer access to all vehicle systems, including engine, transmission, ABS, and airbags. However, OEM tools can be expensive and require specialized training.

5.2. Aftermarket Diagnostic Tools

Aftermarket diagnostic tools are developed by third-party companies and offer a more affordable alternative to OEM tools. These tools typically support a wide range of vehicle makes and models but may not offer the same level of detail as OEM tools.

5.3. Key Features to Look for in Diagnostic Tools

• Coverage: The range of vehicle makes and models supported by the tool.
• Functionality: The types of diagnostic tests and procedures the tool can perform.
• Ease of Use: The tool’s interface and ease of navigation.
• Update Frequency: How often the tool’s software is updated with new vehicle information.
• Technical Support: The availability of technical support from the tool vendor.

5.4. Remote Diagnostic Solutions

Remote diagnostic solutions allow technicians to diagnose vehicles remotely, using specialized hardware and software. These solutions can be particularly useful for diagnosing complex issues or providing support to technicians in the field. CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN offers advanced remote diagnostic services, ensuring accurate and efficient vehicle assessments.

6. The Future of Automotive Software and Repair

Yes, the future of automotive software and repair is likely to be shaped by several key trends, including increased software complexity, over-the-air (OTA) updates, and the rise of electric vehicles (EVs). Adapting to these trends will be essential for automotive technicians and repair shops.

6.1. Increased Software Complexity

As vehicles become more connected and autonomous, the amount of software they contain will continue to increase. This will make diagnosing and repairing vehicles more complex and require specialized training and expertise.

6.2. Over-the-Air (OTA) Updates

OTA updates allow automakers to update vehicle software remotely, without requiring a visit to a dealership. This can be used to fix bugs, improve performance, and add new features. OTA updates will likely become more common in the future, changing the way vehicles are serviced and maintained.

6.3. Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Software

Electric vehicles rely heavily on software to control their electric powertrains, battery management systems, and charging infrastructure. Diagnosing and repairing EVs requires specialized knowledge of these systems, as well as high-voltage safety procedures.

6.4. The Importance of Continuous Training

To keep up with the rapid pace of change in the automotive industry, continuous training is essential for automotive technicians. CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN offers comprehensive training programs to help technicians develop the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in the future. This includes advanced driver-assistance systems calibration, electrical system diagnostics, and security protocols.

7. ECU Programming and Software Updates

Yes, ECU programming and software updates are crucial aspects of modern car repair, allowing technicians to reprogram or update the software in a vehicle’s electronic control units (ECUs). This can be necessary to fix bugs, improve performance, or install new features.

7.1. What is ECU Programming?

ECU programming involves reprogramming or updating the software in a vehicle’s electronic control units (ECUs). This can be done using specialized software and hardware tools.

7.2. Why is ECU Programming Necessary?

• Bug Fixes: To correct software errors that can cause performance issues.
• Performance Improvements: To optimize engine performance and fuel efficiency.
• New Features: To add new features or functionality to the vehicle.
• Module Replacement: To program a new ECU after replacing a faulty one.

7.3. Types of ECU Programming

• Flashing: Replacing the entire software in an ECU with a new version.
• Coding: Configuring specific parameters and settings within an ECU.
• Adaptation: Adjusting ECU settings to match specific vehicle components.

7.4. Risks and Precautions

ECU programming can be risky if not performed correctly. It is important to use the correct software and hardware tools, follow the manufacturer’s instructions, and take precautions to prevent data loss or damage to the ECU.

8. Remote Diagnostics: A Modern Solution

Yes, remote diagnostics is an increasingly popular solution for diagnosing and repairing modern vehicles. It allows technicians to remotely access a vehicle’s systems, diagnose issues, and even perform certain repairs.

8.1. How Does Remote Diagnostics Work?

Remote diagnostics involves using specialized hardware and software to remotely access a vehicle’s systems. A technician connects a diagnostic tool to the vehicle, and then uses a computer or mobile device to connect to the tool remotely.

8.2. Benefits of Remote Diagnostics

• Increased Efficiency: Technicians can diagnose vehicles more quickly and efficiently.
• Reduced Downtime: Vehicles can be diagnosed and repaired without being physically present at the repair shop.
• Access to Expertise: Repair shops can access specialized expertise from remote technicians.
• Cost Savings: Remote diagnostics can reduce travel costs and labor expenses.

8.3. Security Considerations

Security is a critical concern when using remote diagnostics. It is important to use secure communication protocols and to protect against unauthorized access to vehicle systems.

8.4. CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN’s Remote Diagnostic Services

CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN offers secure and reliable remote diagnostic services, providing repair shops with access to experienced technicians and advanced diagnostic tools. This includes ECU diagnostics, module programming, and real-time system analysis, ensuring accurate and efficient vehicle maintenance.

9. Training and Certification Programs for Automotive Software

Yes, numerous training and certification programs are available for automotive software, helping technicians develop the skills and knowledge they need to work on modern vehicles. These programs cover topics such as diagnostic procedures, ECU programming, and software updates.

9.1. Importance of Training and Certification

• Increased Competence: Training and certification programs help technicians develop the skills and knowledge they need to work on modern vehicles.
• Improved Quality of Work: Trained and certified technicians are more likely to perform high-quality repairs.
• Enhanced Career Opportunities: Certification can enhance career opportunities and increase earning potential.
• Industry Recognition: Certification provides industry recognition and demonstrates a commitment to professionalism.

9.2. Types of Training Programs

• OEM Training: Training programs offered by vehicle manufacturers.
• Aftermarket Training: Training programs offered by third-party companies.
• Online Training: Online courses and webinars.
• Hands-on Training: Practical training sessions in a workshop environment.

9.3. Certification Programs

• ASE Certification: Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) certification is a widely recognized industry standard.
• Manufacturer-Specific Certifications: Certifications offered by vehicle manufacturers.
• Industry-Specific Certifications: Certifications focused on specific areas, such as diagnostics or ECU programming.

9.4. CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN Training Programs

CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN offers comprehensive training programs for automotive software, covering a wide range of topics and skill levels. Our programs are designed to help technicians develop the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in the modern automotive industry. These include certification in advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) calibration, electrical system diagnostics, and secure remote access protocols.

10. Security Issues in Automotive Software

Yes, security is a growing concern in automotive software, as vehicles become more connected and vulnerable to cyberattacks. Automakers and suppliers must take steps to protect vehicle systems from unauthorized access and malicious software.

10.1. Types of Security Threats

• Remote Hacking: Attackers can remotely access vehicle systems and control vehicle functions.
• Malware Infections: Malicious software can infect vehicle systems and compromise their functionality.
• Data Breaches: Sensitive data stored in vehicle systems can be stolen or compromised.
• Denial-of-Service Attacks: Attackers can overload vehicle systems and prevent them from functioning properly.

10.2. Potential Consequences of Security Breaches

• Vehicle Theft: Attackers can remotely unlock and start vehicles.
• Vehicle Damage: Attackers can remotely damage vehicle systems.
• Personal Injury: Attackers can remotely control vehicle functions and cause accidents.
• Privacy Violations: Attackers can steal personal data stored in vehicle systems.

10.3. Security Measures

• Encryption: Encrypting data transmitted between vehicle systems and external networks.
• Firewalls: Using firewalls to block unauthorized access to vehicle systems.
• Intrusion Detection Systems: Monitoring vehicle systems for suspicious activity.
• Software Updates: Regularly updating vehicle software to patch security vulnerabilities.

10.4. Best Practices for Repair Shops

• Use Secure Diagnostic Tools: Use diagnostic tools from reputable vendors that implement security best practices.
• Protect Customer Data: Implement measures to protect customer data stored in vehicle systems.
• Stay Informed: Stay informed about the latest security threats and best practices.

11. Case Studies of Proprietary Software Issues in American Cars

Yes, numerous case studies illustrate the challenges and complexities associated with proprietary software in American cars. These examples highlight the importance of specialized training and access to comprehensive diagnostic tools.

11.1. The Chrysler Jeep Hack (2015)

In 2015, security researchers demonstrated a remote hack of a Jeep Cherokee, gaining control of the vehicle’s steering, brakes, and transmission. This vulnerability was due to a flaw in the vehicle’s Uconnect infotainment system, which allowed attackers to access the vehicle’s internal network.

• Impact: Led to a recall of 1.4 million vehicles.
• Lessons Learned: Highlighted the importance of robust security measures and thorough testing of vehicle software.

11.2. The Volkswagen Emissions Scandal (2015)

In 2015, Volkswagen admitted to using “defeat devices” in its diesel vehicles to cheat emissions tests. These devices were software programs that could detect when a vehicle was being tested and alter its engine performance to reduce emissions.

• Impact: Resulted in billions of dollars in fines and reputational damage.
• Lessons Learned: Emphasized the importance of ethical software development and regulatory oversight.

11.3. The Toyota Unintended Acceleration Issue (2009-2010)

In the late 2000s, Toyota faced allegations of unintended acceleration in its vehicles. While the root cause was debated, some experts suggested that software glitches in the vehicle’s electronic throttle control system may have contributed to the problem.

• Impact: Led to a recall of millions of vehicles and congressional hearings.
• Lessons Learned: Underscored the importance of reliable software in safety-critical systems.

11.4. How CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN Addresses These Issues

CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN provides training and resources to help technicians diagnose and repair vehicles affected by proprietary software issues. Our programs cover topics such as:

• Advanced Diagnostics: Using advanced diagnostic tools to identify software-related problems.
• ECU Programming: Reprogramming ECUs to fix bugs and improve performance.
• Security Best Practices: Implementing security measures to protect vehicle systems from cyberattacks.

12. Finding Reliable Information and Resources

Yes, finding reliable information and resources is crucial for automotive technicians working with proprietary software. CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN offers a wealth of resources to help technicians stay informed and up-to-date.

12.1. OEM Repair Manuals and Technical Bulletins

OEM repair manuals and technical bulletins are the most authoritative sources of information for repairing specific vehicles. These resources provide detailed information on diagnostic procedures, repair procedures, and software updates.

12.2. Online Forums and Communities

Online forums and communities can be valuable sources of information and support for automotive technicians. These forums allow technicians to share their knowledge and experience, ask questions, and get help with difficult repairs.

12.3. Industry Publications and Websites

Industry publications and websites provide news, articles, and technical information on the latest developments in the automotive industry. These resources can help technicians stay informed about new technologies, diagnostic techniques, and repair procedures.

12.4. CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN Resources

CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN offers a variety of resources to help automotive technicians:

• Training Programs: Comprehensive training programs on automotive software and diagnostics.
• Remote Diagnostic Services: Access to experienced technicians who can remotely diagnose complex issues.
• Technical Support: Ongoing support to help technicians navigate complex repair procedures.
• Resource Library: A library of technical articles, videos, and other resources.

13. Future Trends: Software-Defined Vehicles and Their Implications

Yes, software-defined vehicles (SDVs) represent a significant shift in the automotive industry, with software playing an increasingly dominant role in vehicle functionality. This trend has profound implications for repair, diagnostics, and the skills required of automotive technicians.

13.1. What is a Software-Defined Vehicle?

A software-defined vehicle (SDV) is a vehicle where software plays a central role in enabling and controlling vehicle functions. In an SDV, software defines the vehicle’s features, performance, and user experience.

13.2. Key Characteristics of SDVs

• Centralized Computing: SDVs typically have a centralized computing architecture, with fewer ECUs and more powerful processors.
• Over-the-Air (OTA) Updates: SDVs can be updated remotely via OTA updates, allowing automakers to add new features, fix bugs, and improve performance.
• Connectivity: SDVs are highly connected, with access to cloud-based services and data.
• Customization: SDVs can be customized to meet the specific needs and preferences of individual drivers.

13.3. Implications for Repair and Diagnostics

• Increased Complexity: SDVs are more complex than traditional vehicles, requiring specialized training and expertise to diagnose and repair.
• Greater Reliance on Software Tools: Software tools will play an even greater role in diagnosing and repairing SDVs.
• New Skills Required: Technicians will need to develop new skills in areas such as software debugging, cybersecurity, and data analysis.
• Remote Diagnostics: Remote diagnostics will become even more important, allowing technicians to diagnose and repair SDVs remotely.

13.4. Preparing for the Future

To prepare for the future of software-defined vehicles, automotive technicians should:

• Invest in Training: Participate in training programs to develop new skills in automotive software and diagnostics.
• Stay Informed: Stay up-to-date on the latest developments in SDV technology.
• Embrace New Tools: Learn to use the latest software tools and diagnostic equipment.
• Seek Certification: Obtain certifications to demonstrate their expertise in automotive software.

14. Legal Considerations for Modifying Car Software

Yes, modifying car software is subject to various legal considerations, including copyright law, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), and vehicle safety regulations. Understanding these legal issues is crucial for automotive technicians and enthusiasts.

14.1. Copyright Law

Car software is protected by copyright law, which gives the copyright holder exclusive rights to control the use, modification, and distribution of the software. Modifying car software without the copyright holder’s permission may constitute copyright infringement.

14.2. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)

The DMCA prohibits the circumvention of technological measures that control access to copyrighted works. This can include measures used to protect car software from unauthorized modification.

14.3. Vehicle Safety Regulations

Modifying car software can affect vehicle safety and may violate vehicle safety regulations. It is important to ensure that any modifications do not compromise the safety or performance of the vehicle.

14.4. Potential Liabilities

Modifying car software can create potential liabilities for technicians and enthusiasts. If a modification causes damage to the vehicle or results in an accident, the person who made the modification may be held liable.

14.5. Best Practices

• Obtain Permission: Obtain permission from the copyright holder before modifying car software.
• Consult with Experts: Consult with experts to ensure that any modifications are safe and compliant with vehicle safety regulations.
• Document Changes: Document any changes made to the software.
• Disclaimer: Provide a disclaimer to customers that any modifications are performed at their own risk.

15. FAQ: Proprietary Software in American Cars

15.1. Why is it difficult to repair my car myself?

Modern cars rely heavily on proprietary software, limiting access to diagnostic information and repair procedures, making DIY repairs challenging.

15.2. What is the “Right to Repair” movement?

The “Right to Repair” movement advocates for laws requiring automakers to provide independent repair shops and consumers with access to the same diagnostic tools and information as dealerships.

15.3. How does open-source software impact the automotive industry?

Open-source software can foster faster innovation, reduce costs, and increase security in automotive systems, but also presents challenges related to standardization and safety.

15.4. What are OEM diagnostic tools?

OEM diagnostic tools are developed by vehicle manufacturers and offer the most comprehensive diagnostic capabilities for their specific vehicles.

15.5. What is ECU programming, and why is it important?

ECU programming involves reprogramming a vehicle’s electronic control units to fix bugs, improve performance, or install new features.

15.6. How does remote diagnostics work?

Remote diagnostics allows technicians to remotely access a vehicle’s systems using specialized hardware and software to diagnose and repair issues.

15.7. What are the main security threats related to automotive software?

Main threats include remote hacking, malware infections, and data breaches, which can compromise vehicle safety and personal information.

15.8. What is a software-defined vehicle (SDV)?

A software-defined vehicle is one where software plays a central role in enabling and controlling vehicle functions, offering customization and OTA updates.

15.9. What legal issues should I consider before modifying car software?

Legal considerations include copyright law, the DMCA, and vehicle safety regulations. Modifying car software without permission can lead to legal liabilities.

15.10. Where can I find reliable information on automotive software and repair?

Reliable sources include OEM repair manuals, industry publications, online forums, and specialized training programs like those offered by CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN.

CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN is dedicated to helping automotive technicians thrive in this technologically advanced era.

In conclusion, understanding the role of proprietary software in American cars is crucial for anyone involved in automotive repair and maintenance. By staying informed about the latest trends, tools, and training opportunities, technicians can overcome the challenges posed by proprietary software and provide high-quality service to their customers. CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN is committed to providing the resources and support you need to succeed in this evolving industry. Enhance your skills with our detailed training programs, take advantage of our remote diagnostic services, and keep your knowledge current with our continuous technical support. Contact us today at Address: 1700 W Irving Park Rd, Chicago, IL 60613, United States. Whatsapp: +1 (641) 206-8880. Website: CAR-REMOTE-REPAIR.EDU.VN to discover how we can assist you in improving your car repair skills and remaining competitive in the US market. Explore our offerings in ECU remapping, advanced diagnostics, and remote assistance to revolutionize your vehicle repair services.